The Parthenon巴特农神庙
巴特农神庙是希腊祭祀诸神之庙，以祭祀雅典娜为主，又称“雅典娜巴特农神庙”。它建于公元前447~438年，是伯里克利当政时代重建卫城山工程中的重点项目。神庙位于雅典老城区卫城山的中心，坐落在山上的最高点。神庙是为了供奉雅典城邦的保护神雅典娜而建。神庙主体建筑是长方形的白色大理石殿宇，全长69.5米、宽30.8米，分为前殿、中殿、后殿。四周为柱廊，用46根高30米、直径2米的大理石柱支撑。石柱采用朴实而浑厚的多利克柱式，下粗、上细，中间略微向外凸起，呈现出庄严雄伟的气势。庙墙上端石柱之间用92块大理石浮雕板连接，每块上都是一幅神话传说中的战争场景。庙顶东西两侧的人字墙上饰有描述雅典娜的诞生以及她同波塞冬争夺雅典城的浮雕。在神庙的内殿中，原来供奉着一尊高达12米的雅典娜雕像，头戴金盔，身着黄金战袍，手持盾牌长矛，脸、臂、脚均为象牙雕成，是古希腊最着名的雕刻家菲迪亚斯的得意之作，可惜在公元146年被罗马帝国的皇帝强行劫走了。在漫长的历史岁月里，巴特农神庙几经天灾人祸，历尽人间沧桑。公元1687年，威尼斯军队炮击古城堡，神庙顶端和殿墙被炸塌。19世纪初，庙内大量雕像被英国人艾尔金盗运到英国，现在仅存有神庙大部分石柱和部分其他殿堂和城堡的雄伟山门。
巴特农神庙是希腊人追求理性美的极致表现，例如柱身看起来等宽，实际上是中间略粗，以此矫正人类视觉的错觉；又如柱子看起来都是垂直，其实不然，越外围的柱子越向中间倾斜等等。整个神庙处处都体现了黄金分割的原理，称得上是多利克式建筑中的最高杰作。
巴特农神庙被认为是多立克式建筑艺术的极品，有“希腊国宝”之称。
The Parthenon is the most important and characteristiccharacteristic adj.典型的，特有的，表示特性的 n.特性，特征 monument of the ancient Greek civilization and still remains its international symbol. It was dedicated to Athena Parthenos， the patron goddess of Athens. It was built between 447 and 438 B.C. and its sculptural sculptural adj.雕刻的， 雕刻般的 decoration was completed in 432 B.C. The construction of the monument was initiated by Perikles， the supervisor of the whole work was Pheidias， the famous Athenian sculptor， while Iktinos and Kallikrates were the architects of the building. The temple is built in the Doric order and almost exclusively of Pentelic marble. It is peripteral， with eight columns on each of the narrow sides and seventeen columns on each of the long ones. The central part of the temple， called the cella， sheltered the famous chryselephantine chryselephantine adj.用金和象牙做成的 cult statue of Athena， made by Pheidias.
The sculptural decoration of the Parthenon is a unique combination of the Doric metopes and triglyphs on the entablature entablature n.［建］柱上楣构， 柱顶线盘， 支柱， and the Ionic frieze on the walls of the cella. The metopes depict the Gigantomachy on the east side， the Amazonomachy on the west， the Centauromachy on the south， and scenes from the Trojan War on the north.
The relief frieze depicts the Procession of the Panathenaea Panathenaea n.泛雅典娜节(希腊宗教中一个十分古老和重要的节日)， the most formal religious festival of ancient Athens. The scene runs along all the four sides of the building and includes the figures of gods， beasts and of some 360 humans.
The two pediments pediment n.山形墙， 三角墙 of the temple are decorated with mythological scenes： the east， above the building，s main entrance， shows the birth of Athena， and the west， the fight between Athena and Poseidon for the name of the city of Athens. The Parthenon retained its religious character in the following centuries and was converted into a Byzantine church， a Latin church and a Muslim mosque.
The Turks used the Parthenon as a powder magazine when the Venetians， under Admiral Morosini， sieged the Acropolis in 1687. One of the Venetian bombs fell on the Parthenon and caused a tremendous explosion that destroyed a great part of the monument which had been preserved in a good condition until then.
The disaster was completed in the beginning of the 19th century， when the British ambassador ambassador n.大使 in Constantinople Constantinople 君士坦丁堡( 土耳其西北部港市伊斯坦布尔)， Lord Elgin， stole the greatest part of the sculptural decoration of the monument (frieze， metopes， pediments)， transferred them to England and sold them to the British Museum， where they are still exhibited， being one of the most significant collections of the museum.
The Parthenon was elaboratelyelaborately adv.苦心经营地， 精巧地 decorated with marble sculptures both internally and externally. These survive only in part， but there are good descriptions of most of those parts that have been lost. On the eastern pediment (the triangular triangular adj.三角形的， 三人间的 area above the columns on the “front” and “back” of the temple) was a depiction of the birth of Athena. The western pediment showed Athena，s battle with Poseidon for possession possession n.拥有， 占有， 所有， 着迷， 领土， 领地， 财产(常用复数)， 自制 of the land of Attica. Metopes ran along the outer frieze of all four sides of the temple， above the lines of columns and below the pediments. These showed， on the southern side the battle of the Lapiths and the Centaurs， on the east the battle of the gods and the giants， and on the west the battle of the Greeks and the Amazons. It is not known what was depicted on the northern side： it may have been scenes from the Trojan War.
Internally， the cella was lined on three sides with a frieze showing the great procession of the Panathenaia， the main annual festival honouring Athena. On the fourth， eastern side was a frieze showing all the gods of the Greek pantheon.
Although the pure white marble of surviving Ancient Greek temples appeals to the modern aesthetic aesthetic adj.美学的， 审美的， 有审美感的， the Parthenon， like all ancient buildings， was at least partly painted， though scholars dispute the extent and the colour scheme. It is known that the internal ceilings were painted a deep blue， and that the statuary groups on the pediments were painted in bright colours. Some scholars believe that the upper parts of the Parthenon were painted bright red and blue， so that the sculptures would stand out in greater relief when seen from below.
Temple of Athena Nike胜利女神殿
胜利女神殿也称为无翼胜利女神殿，位于雅典中心卫城山上一个陡峭的、向西突出的平台上。建于公元前421年，前后有四根爱奥尼亚式列柱，内有一尊没有翅膀的雅典娜神像。据说在争战中力求胜利的雅典人，故意把胜利女神的翅膀切下，以求胜利长留。
雅典娜是希腊神话中智慧、技艺与战争女神，她在与海神波塞冬的斗智中取胜，成为雅典的保护神。女神殿长18英尺，宽12英尺，全部采用雅典周围产的大理石建成。内殿呈方形，爱奥尼亚式门厅每端有四根圆柱。建筑外部围着一条宽18英尺的中楣饰带，上面装饰着高凸浮雕。庙南面的浮雕上刻有手执盾牌的胜利女神像，旁立诸神像。神殿几经战火洗劫，现在仅存几座11米高的圆柱了。
This is a small， elegant elegant adj.文雅的，端庄的，雅致的，〈口〉上品的，第一流的 Ionian monument built on a bastion bastion n.(可扩大射击范围的)棱堡， 堡垒， 阵地工事 on the southwest side of the rock of the Acropolis. The temple must have been built between 427~424 B.C. and Kallikrates is mentioned as its architect. Excavations have brought to light， on the same site， building elements from the Mycenaean period.
