(5) E.To set up the perfect system of the loan-flotation and the intermediary service system and to promote and build the Small and medium enterprises which can reveal huge market potential and profits. Although it is hard for the existing system of the enterprises in China to raise found，from the aspect of the market it is also an important reason that the enterprises have not produced the product or projects which can make huge market profits. Therefore，firstly，we should set up and perfect the financing system and increase the governments’ financial investment to the industrial cluster. And we should extend the ways of attracting the local capital as well as the foreign investment to enforce the competition of our industrial. Secondly，we should develop the intermediary roles such as the planners，agents and producers. They can help to improve the development of the product such as in the process of planning，producing，package，promotion，sale，service and management of all the aspects in the industries. To form the enterprisers and professional managers of the enterprises to increase the managing system and market network in which the resource can be shared with each other. Finally，to form a “industrial centralization，industrial” mode in which the business and culture can merge with each other completely.
(6) To promote the foundation of professional information plat and improve the technique contents of the industrial. The core competition of the Small and medium enterprises is in the aspects of “special，precise，specialized，fresh”，and the foundation of the informatization，introducing，abortion，and digestion of the high and new techno ledge are the basis and guarantee of achieving these core competition. In order to cultivate the core competition of the Small and medium enterprises，we should do something from the aspects below：to give the industries more policy favor in the aspects of research and development and introducing the high techniques and improve the content of skills in the product and enforce the competition of the industries； to build the professional information plat and establish the professional information structure to provide information service for the industries inside the cluster； to speed up the spread of the new technique information and management knowledge as well as the industry news to reduce the cost the gaining the information for a single industry inside the cluster； to improve the whole competition of the industry cluster. Besides，to make the reasonable location of the industrial cluster and find out the connotation which is suitable with the local characteristics to promote. One important respect which differs the industrial cluster from the other industrial clusters is that the former has the strong connotation and spiritual particularity. Finally we should form an institutional guarantee in the industrial cluster. And in other words，we should put forward the concrete projects of how to reduce the cost of exchange and how to promote the industrial division and also which industry should be chosen as the starting point to carry on the cluster cultivation.
基于混合集合规划的大规模生产排程算法的研究
杨龙、梅军、刘茂辉
（1. 北京理工大学管理与经济学院北京100081；2. 成都四威高科技产业园有限公司四川 成都611731）
摘要：生产排程问题是一个复杂的组合优化问题。本文采用混合集合规划方法对该问题进行建模与求解。对于大规模问题，根据滚动排程的思想，先将数据按照一定的规则分成若干小规模数据，并分别对小规模数据的问题进行求解，然后根据滚动、衔接逻辑，将分解后的小规模数据问题的解进行合并形成大规模数据问题的一个解。
关键词：生产排程；混合集合规划；滚动排程
引言
生产排程问题一直是工业上常见的NP-hard问题，复杂性理论（Complexity Theory）表明，不存在多项式时间算法求解该类问题 (除非P类问题等于NP类问题)。本文研究的离散型制造业的生产排程问题实质上是零件在设备上的加工时间与加工顺序的安排问题。利用传统的运筹学算法对其进行理论上的研究虽然有很长一段历史了，但是生产排程问题终归是工业上的应用，实际应用要比理论研究更为重要。对大规模的生产排程问题，在有效时间内找到一个可行解要比求出理论上最优解更切实可行。针对大规模的生产排程问题，本文将采取滚动排程的策略，利用NCL语言对复杂的、多约束、多目标的生产排程问题进行建模和求解。
1.生产排程问题
生产排程问题是一个典型的约束满足问题。其建模实质就是在满足设备生产能力约束、工序候选资源约束、零部件各工序次序约束、各工序同步约束、订单最早开工时间以及最晚交付时间约束、每日工作时间窗口约束、订单优先级约束等条件下，按照主要设备最大利用率、订单延迟数最小、主要设备最小加工时间跨度等优化目标，在最近的下一个周期内，对各个设备上加工的工序进行优化排序。离散制造业的排程问题更是一个复杂的生产排序问题，具有约束复杂，多目标，不确定性大等特点。
成都四威产业是一家典型的装备制造型企业。其生产方式以离散生产（零件加工）为主。该公司的生产加工模式是典型的单件、中小批量、多品种混流、混批生产的加工模式，所生产的产品具有物料复杂、工艺多变、加工时间长和生产不确定性大等特点。该公司现有的生产调度大致模式如下：生产任务订单首先录入计算机辅助管理系统（CAPP），经过技术中心及其他相关的系统生成任务订单的物料、工艺路径（具体到每道工序）及物料的其他技术信息；然后技术中心将这些任务订单的物料信息和工艺路径导入到MIS系统中；接着，车间计划调度人员依照MIS系统中的任务订单信息，根据个人的经验和车间的生产特点，手动指派每个岗位每日的所要完成工序，但是并不具体安排每道工序的开工时间和加工顺序。
现有计划排程方案虽然初步满足了工厂生产信息化的需求，但是随着企业生产自动化程度的进一步提高和生产订单量的加大，现有系统的瓶颈愈发明显：手工安排生产无法科学、合理地实现现场多工序、多资源的生产调度；生产任务的多样性、复杂性、紧迫性以及订单任务的巨大规模使得手工安排计划生产成为一项艰巨而几乎不可完成的任务。
1.1主要约束
本文涉及的生产排程问题的约束种类繁多，经抽象化后大致可按资源、订单、工序分类。
1.1.1资源层级约束
资源层级约束主要包括以下几种：
（1）工作日历：法定假期、设备定期检修、工人休息等限制资源的可工作日期。如车床1周末不工作，那么在2009-2-5～2009-2-9间，车床1的“工作日历”为日期集合{"2009-2-5"，"2009-2-6"，"2009-2-9" }。
（2）每日工作时间段：每天可工作的时间集合。如车床1每天在12：00～14：00及18：00～08：00区段不工作，那么车床1的“每日工作时间段”为时间集合。
（3）资源的生产能力：单位时间内资源设备处理相同零件的数量。
（4）资源的使用方式：并行或串行。其中并行加工指的是资源设备可以供有相同资源需求的工序同时使用，如多个工序同时使用资源设备“清洗”；串行加工是指资源设备在任一时间内只供一个工序使用。
