THE PSYCHOLOGY OF THE LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY1.Political Events during the Life of the Legislative Assembly.
Before examining the mental characteristics of the Legislative Assembly let us briefly sum up the considerable political events which marked its short year's life.They naturally played an important part in respect of its psychological manifestations.
Extremely monarchical, the Legislative Assembly had no more idea than its predecessor of destroying the monarchy.The king appeared to it to be slightly suspect, but it still hoped to be able to retain him on the throne.
Unhappily for him, Louis was incessantly begging for intervention from abroad.Shut up in the Tuileries, defended only by his Swiss Guards, the timid sovereign was drifting among contrary influences.He subsidised journals intended to modify public opinion, but the obscure ``penny-a-liners'' who edited them knew nothing of acting on the mind of the crowd.Their only means of persuasion was to menace with the gallows all the partisans of the Revolution, and to predict the invasion of France by an army which would rescue the king.
Royalty no longer counted on anything but the foreign Courts.The nobles were emigrating.Prussia, Austria, and Russia were threatening France with a war of invasion.The Court favoured their lead.To the coalition of the three kings against France the Jacobin Club proposed to oppose a league of peoples.
The Girondists were then, with the Jacobins, at the head of the revolutionary movement.They incited the masses to arm themselves--600,000 volunteers were equipped.The Court accepted a Girondist minister.Dominated by him, Louis XVI.was obliged to propose to the Assembly a war against Austria.It was immediately agreed to.
In declaring war the king was not sincere.The queen revealed the French plans of campaign and the secret deliberations of the Council to the Austrians.
The beginnings of the struggle were disastrous.Several columns of troops, attacked by panic, disbanded.Stimulated by the clubs, and persuaded--justly, for that matter--that the king was conspiring with the enemies of France, the population of the faubourgs rose in insurrection.Its leaders, the Jacobins, and above all Danton, sent to the Tuileries on the 20th of June a petition threatening the king with revocation.It then invaded the Tuileries, heaping invectives on the sovereign.
Fatality impelled Louis toward his tragic destiny.While the threats of the Jacobins against royalty had roused many of the departments to indignation, it was learned that a Prussian army had arrived on the frontiers of Lorraine.
The hope of the king and queen respecting the help to be obtained from abroad was highly chimerical.Marie-Antoinette suffered from an absolute illusion as to the psychology of the Austrian and the French peoples.Seeing France terrorised by a few energumens, she supposed that it would be equally easy to terrify the Parisians, and by means of threats to lead them back under the king's authority.Inspired by her, Fersen undertook to publish the manifesto of the Duke of Brunswick, threatening Paris with ``total subversion if the royal family were molested.''
The effect produced was diametrically opposite to that intended.
The manifesto aroused indignation against the monarch, who was regarded as an accomplice, and increased his unpopularity.From that day he was marked for the scaffold.
Carried away by Danton, the delegates of the sections installed themselves at the Hotel de Ville as an insurrectionary Commune, which arrested the commandant of the National Guard, who was devoted to the king, sounded the tocsin, equipped the National Guard, and on the 10th of August hurled them, with the populace, against the Tuileries.The regiments called in by Louis disbanded themselves.Soon none were left to defend him but his Swiss and a few gentlemen.Nearly all were killed.Left alone, the king took refuge with the Assembly.The crowds demanded his denouncement.The Legislative Assembly decreed his suspension and left a future Assembly, the Convention, to decide upon his fate.
2.Mental Characteristics of the Legislative Assembly.
The Legislative Assembly, formed of new men, presented quite a special interest from the psychological point of view.
Few assemblies have offered in such a degree the characteristics of the political collectivity.
It comprised seven hundred and fifty deputies, divided into pure royalists, constitutional royalists, republicans, Girondists, and Montagnards.Advocates and men of letters formed the majority.
It also contained, but in smaller numbers, superior officers, priests, and a very few scientists.
