Earth-worms must be considered as terrestrial animals, though they are still in one sense semi-aquatic, like the other members of the great class of annelids to which they belong.M.Perrier found that their exposure to the dry air of a room for only a single night was fatal to them.On the other hand he kept several large worms alive for nearly four months, completely submerged in water. During the summer when the ground is dry, they penetrate to a considerable depth and cease to work, as they do during the winter when the ground is frozen.Worms are nocturnal in their habits, and at night may be seen crawling about in large numbers, but usually with their tails still inserted in their burrows.By the expansion of this part of their bodies, and with the help of the short, slightly reflexed bristles, with which their bodies are armed, they hold so fast that they can seldom be dragged out of the ground without being torn into pieces. During the day they remain in their burrows, except at the pairing season, when those which inhabit adjoining burrows expose the greater part of their bodies for an hour or two in the early morning.Sick individuals, which are generally affected by the parasitic larvae of a fly, must also be excepted, as they wander about during the day and die on the surface.After heavy rain succeeding dry weather, an astonishing number of dead worms may sometimes be seen lying on the ground.Mr.Galton informs me that on one such occasion (March, 1881), the dead worms averaged one for every two and a half paces in length on a walk in Hyde Park, four paces in width.He counted no less than 45 dead worms in one place in a length of sixteen paces.From the facts above given, it is not probable that these wormscould have been drowned, and if they had been drowned they would have perished in their burrows.I believe that they were already sick, and that their deaths were merely hastened by the ground being flooded.
It has often been said that under ordinary circumstances healthy worms never, or very rarely, completely leave their burrows at night; but this is an error, as White of Selborne long ago knew.In the morning, after there has been heavy rain, the film of mud or of very fine sand over gravel-walks is often plainly marked with their tracks.I have noticed this from August to May, both months included, and it probably occurs during the two remaining months of the year when they are wet.On these occasions, very few dead worms could anywhere be seen.On January 31, 1881, after a long- continued and unusually severe frost with much snow, as soon as a thaw set in, the walks were marked with innumerable tracks.On one occasion, five tracks were counted crossing a space of only an inch square.They could sometimes be traced either to or from the mouths of the burrows in the gravel-walks, for distances between 2 or 3 up to 15 yards.I have never seen two tracks leading to the same burrow; nor is it likely, from what we shall presently see of their sense-organs, that a worm could find its way back to its burrow after having once left it.They apparently leave their burrows on a voyage of discovery, and thus they find new sites to inhabit.
Morren states that worms often lie for hours almost motionless close beneath the mouths of their burrows.I have occasionally noticed the same fact with worms kept in pots in the house; so that by looking down into their burrows, their heads could just be seen.If the ejected earth or rubbish over the burrows be suddenly removed, the end of the worm's body may very often be seen rapidly retreating.This habit of lying near the surface leads to their destruction to an immense extent.Every morning during certain seasons of the year, the thrushes and blackbirds on all the lawns throughout the country draw out of their holes an astonishing number of worms, and this they could not do, unless they lay close to the surface.It is not probable that worms behave in this manner for the sake of breathing fresh air, for we have seen that they can live for a long time under water.I believe that they lie near the surface for the sake of warmth,especially in the morning; and we shall hereafter find that they often coat the mouths of their burrows with leaves, apparently to prevent their bodies from coming into close contact with the cold damp earth.It is said that they completely close their burrows during the winter.
